class Case

from django.db.models.expressions import Case 
An SQL searched CASE expression:

    CASE
        WHEN n > 0
            THEN 'positive'
        WHEN n < 0
            THEN 'negative'
        ELSE 'zero'
    END

Ancestors (MRO)

  1. builtins.object
  2. django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
  3. django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression
  4. django.db.models.expressions.Expression
  5. django.db.models.expressions.SQLiteNumericMixin
  6. django.db.models.expressions.Case

Attributes

AttributeValueDefined in

Methods

def allowed_default(self)
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, template=None, case_joiner=None, **extra_context)
django.db.models.expressions.Case
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
Responsible for returning a (sql, [params]) tuple to be included
in the current query.

Different backends can provide their own implementation, by
providing an `as_{vendor}` method and patching the Expression:

```
def override_as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
    # custom logic
    return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
setattr(Expression, 'as_' + connection.vendor, override_as_sql)
```

Arguments:
 * compiler: the query compiler responsible for generating the query.
   Must have a compile method, returning a (sql, [params]) tuple.
   Calling compiler(value) will return a quoted `value`.

 * connection: the database connection used for the current query.

Return: (sql, params)
  Where `sql` is a string containing ordered sql parameters to be
  replaced with the elements of the list `params`.
    def as_sql(
        self, compiler, connection, template=None, case_joiner=None, **extra_context
    ):
        connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
        if not self.cases:
            return compiler.compile(self.default)
        template_params = {**self.extra, **extra_context}
        case_parts = []
        sql_params = []
        default_sql, default_params = compiler.compile(self.default)
        for case in self.cases:
            try:
                case_sql, case_params = compiler.compile(case)
            except EmptyResultSet:
                continue
            except FullResultSet:
                default_sql, default_params = compiler.compile(case.result)
                break
            case_parts.append(case_sql)
            sql_params.extend(case_params)
        if not case_parts:
            return default_sql, default_params
        case_joiner = case_joiner or self.case_joiner
        template_params["cases"] = case_joiner.join(case_parts)
        template_params["default"] = default_sql
        sql_params.extend(default_params)
        template = template or template_params.get("template", self.template)
        sql = template % template_params
        if self._output_field_or_none is not None:
            sql = connection.ops.unification_cast_sql(self.output_field) % sql
        return sql, sql_params
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
Responsible for returning a (sql, [params]) tuple to be included
in the current query.

Different backends can provide their own implementation, by
providing an `as_{vendor}` method and patching the Expression:

```
def override_as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
    # custom logic
    return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
setattr(Expression, 'as_' + connection.vendor, override_as_sql)
```

Arguments:
 * compiler: the query compiler responsible for generating the query.
   Must have a compile method, returning a (sql, [params]) tuple.
   Calling compiler(value) will return a quoted `value`.

 * connection: the database connection used for the current query.

Return: (sql, params)
  Where `sql` is a string containing ordered sql parameters to be
  replaced with the elements of the list `params`.
    def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
        """
        Responsible for returning a (sql, [params]) tuple to be included
        in the current query.

        Different backends can provide their own implementation, by
        providing an `as_{vendor}` method and patching the Expression:

        ```
        def override_as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            # custom logic
            return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
        setattr(Expression, 'as_' + connection.vendor, override_as_sql)
        ```

        Arguments:
         * compiler: the query compiler responsible for generating the query.
           Must have a compile method, returning a (sql, [params]) tuple.
           Calling compiler(value) will return a quoted `value`.

         * connection: the database connection used for the current query.

        Return: (sql, params)
          Where `sql` is a string containing ordered sql parameters to be
          replaced with the elements of the list `params`.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must implement as_sql()")

def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context)
django.db.models.expressions.SQLiteNumericMixin 
    def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
        sql, params = self.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
        try:
            if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == "DecimalField":
                sql = "(CAST(%s AS NUMERIC))" % sql
        except FieldError:
            pass
        return sql, params

def asc(self, **kwargs)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def asc(self, **kwargs):
        return OrderBy(self, **kwargs)

def bitand(self, other)
django.db.models.expressions.Combinable 
    def bitand(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITAND, False)

def bitleftshift(self, other)
django.db.models.expressions.Combinable 
    def bitleftshift(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITLEFTSHIFT, False)

def bitor(self, other)
django.db.models.expressions.Combinable 
    def bitor(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITOR, False)

def bitrightshift(self, other)
django.db.models.expressions.Combinable 
    def bitrightshift(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITRIGHTSHIFT, False)

def bitxor(self, other)
django.db.models.expressions.Combinable 
    def bitxor(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITXOR, False)

def conditional(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
def contains_aggregate(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
def contains_column_references(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
def contains_over_clause(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
def contains_subquery(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
def convert_value(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
Expressions provide their own converters because users have the option
of manually specifying the output_field which may be a different type
from the one the database returns.
def copy(self)
django.db.models.expressions.Case
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
    def copy(self):
        c = super().copy()
        c.cases = c.cases[:]
        return c
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def copy(self):
        return copy.copy(self)

def deconstruct(obj)
django.db.models.expressions.Case
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
Return a 3-tuple of class import path, positional arguments,
and keyword arguments.
        def deconstruct(obj):
            """
            Return a 3-tuple of class import path, positional arguments,
            and keyword arguments.
            """
            # Fallback version
            if path and type(obj) is klass:
                module_name, _, name = path.rpartition(".")
            else:
                module_name = obj.__module__
                name = obj.__class__.__name__
            # Make sure it's actually there and not an inner class
            module = import_module(module_name)
            if not hasattr(module, name):
                raise ValueError(
                    "Could not find object %s in %s.\n"
                    "Please note that you cannot serialize things like inner "
                    "classes. Please move the object into the main module "
                    "body to use migrations.\n"
                    "For more information, see "
                    "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/topics/migrations/"
                    "#serializing-values" % (name, module_name, get_docs_version())
                )
            return (
                (
                    path
                    if path and type(obj) is klass
                    else f"{obj.__class__.__module__}.{name}"
                ),
                obj._constructor_args[0],
                obj._constructor_args[1],
            )
django.db.models.expressions.Expression 
Return a 3-tuple of class import path, positional arguments,
and keyword arguments.
        def deconstruct(obj):
            """
            Return a 3-tuple of class import path, positional arguments,
            and keyword arguments.
            """
            # Fallback version
            if path and type(obj) is klass:
                module_name, _, name = path.rpartition(".")
            else:
                module_name = obj.__module__
                name = obj.__class__.__name__
            # Make sure it's actually there and not an inner class
            module = import_module(module_name)
            if not hasattr(module, name):
                raise ValueError(
                    "Could not find object %s in %s.\n"
                    "Please note that you cannot serialize things like inner "
                    "classes. Please move the object into the main module "
                    "body to use migrations.\n"
                    "For more information, see "
                    "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/topics/migrations/"
                    "#serializing-values" % (name, module_name, get_docs_version())
                )
            return (
                (
                    path
                    if path and type(obj) is klass
                    else f"{obj.__class__.__module__}.{name}"
                ),
                obj._constructor_args[0],
                obj._constructor_args[1],
            )

def desc(self, **kwargs)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def desc(self, **kwargs):
        return OrderBy(self, descending=True, **kwargs)

def field(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
def flatten(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
Recursively yield this expression and all subexpressions, in
depth-first order.
    def flatten(self):
        """
        Recursively yield this expression and all subexpressions, in
        depth-first order.
        """
        yield self
        for expr in self.get_source_expressions():
            if expr:
                if hasattr(expr, "flatten"):
                    yield from expr.flatten()
                else:
                    yield expr

def get_db_converters(self, connection)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def get_db_converters(self, connection):
        return (
            []
            if self.convert_value is self._convert_value_noop
            else [self.convert_value]
        ) + self.output_field.get_db_converters(connection)

def get_group_by_cols(self)
django.db.models.expressions.Case
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
    def get_group_by_cols(self):
        if not self.cases:
            return self.default.get_group_by_cols()
        return super().get_group_by_cols()
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def get_group_by_cols(self):
        if not self.contains_aggregate:
            return [self]
        cols = []
        for source in self.get_source_expressions():
            cols.extend(source.get_group_by_cols())
        return cols

def get_lookup(self, lookup)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def get_lookup(self, lookup):
        return self.output_field.get_lookup(lookup)

def get_refs(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def get_refs(self):
        refs = set()
        for expr in self.get_source_expressions():
            refs |= expr.get_refs()
        return refs

def get_source_expressions(self)
django.db.models.expressions.Case
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
    def get_source_expressions(self):
        return self.cases + [self.default]
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def get_source_expressions(self):
        return []

def get_source_fields(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
Return the underlying field types used by this aggregate.
    def get_source_fields(self):
        """Return the underlying field types used by this aggregate."""
        return [e._output_field_or_none for e in self.get_source_expressions()]

def get_transform(self, name)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def get_transform(self, name):
        return self.output_field.get_transform(name)

def identity(self)
django.db.models.expressions.Expression 
def output_field(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
Return the output type of this expressions.
def prefix_references(self, prefix)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def prefix_references(self, prefix):
        clone = self.copy()
        clone.set_source_expressions(
            [
                (
                    F(f"{prefix}{expr.name}")
                    if isinstance(expr, F)
                    else expr.prefix_references(prefix)
                )
                for expr in self.get_source_expressions()
            ]
        )
        return clone

def relabeled_clone(self, change_map)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def relabeled_clone(self, change_map):
        clone = self.copy()
        clone.set_source_expressions(
            [
                e.relabeled_clone(change_map) if e is not None else None
                for e in self.get_source_expressions()
            ]
        )
        return clone

def replace_expressions(self, replacements)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def replace_expressions(self, replacements):
        if replacement := replacements.get(self):
            return replacement
        clone = self.copy()
        source_expressions = clone.get_source_expressions()
        clone.set_source_expressions(
            [
                expr.replace_expressions(replacements) if expr else None
                for expr in source_expressions
            ]
        )
        return clone

def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False)
django.db.models.expressions.Case
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
Provide the chance to do any preprocessing or validation before being
added to the query.

Arguments:
 * query: the backend query implementation
 * allow_joins: boolean allowing or denying use of joins
   in this query
 * reuse: a set of reusable joins for multijoins
 * summarize: a terminal aggregate clause
 * for_save: whether this expression about to be used in a save or update

Return: an Expression to be added to the query.
    def resolve_expression(
        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
    ):
        c = self.copy()
        c.is_summary = summarize
        for pos, case in enumerate(c.cases):
            c.cases[pos] = case.resolve_expression(
                query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
            )
        c.default = c.default.resolve_expression(
            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
        )
        return c
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
Provide the chance to do any preprocessing or validation before being
added to the query.

Arguments:
 * query: the backend query implementation
 * allow_joins: boolean allowing or denying use of joins
   in this query
 * reuse: a set of reusable joins for multijoins
 * summarize: a terminal aggregate clause
 * for_save: whether this expression about to be used in a save or update

Return: an Expression to be added to the query.
    def resolve_expression(
        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
    ):
        """
        Provide the chance to do any preprocessing or validation before being
        added to the query.

        Arguments:
         * query: the backend query implementation
         * allow_joins: boolean allowing or denying use of joins
           in this query
         * reuse: a set of reusable joins for multijoins
         * summarize: a terminal aggregate clause
         * for_save: whether this expression about to be used in a save or update

        Return: an Expression to be added to the query.
        """
        c = self.copy()
        c.is_summary = summarize
        c.set_source_expressions(
            [
                (
                    expr.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
                    if expr
                    else None
                )
                for expr in c.get_source_expressions()
            ]
        )
        return c

def reverse_ordering(self)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def reverse_ordering(self):
        return self

def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params)
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
Custom format for select clauses. For example, EXISTS expressions need
to be wrapped in CASE WHEN on Oracle.
    def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
        """
        Custom format for select clauses. For example, EXISTS expressions need
        to be wrapped in CASE WHEN on Oracle.
        """
        if hasattr(self.output_field, "select_format"):
            return self.output_field.select_format(compiler, sql, params)
        return sql, params

def set_source_expressions(self, exprs)
django.db.models.expressions.Case
django.db.models.expressions.Case 
    def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
        *self.cases, self.default = exprs
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression 
    def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
        assert not exprs