class LessThan

Attributes
Methods

from django.db.models.lookups import LessThan

Ancestors (MRO)

builtins.object
django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression
django.db.models.expressions.Expression
django.db.models.lookups.Lookup
django.db.models.lookups.BuiltinLookup
django.db.models.lookups.FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin
django.db.models.lookups.LessThan

Attributes

Attribute	Value	Defined in
`ADD`	`+`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`BITAND`	`&`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`BITLEFTSHIFT`	`<<`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`BITOR`	`\|`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`BITRIGHTSHIFT`	`>>`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`BITXOR`	`#`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`DIV`	`/`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`MOD`	`%%`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`MUL`	`*`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`POW`	`^`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`SUB`	`-`	django.db.models.expressions.Combinable
`allowed_default`	`False`	django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression
`can_use_none_as_rhs`	`False`	django.db.models.lookups.Lookup
`empty_result_set_value`	`NotImplemented`	django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression
`filterable`	`True`	django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression
`get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable`	`False`	django.db.models.lookups.FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin
`is_summary`	`False`	django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression
`lookup_name`	`lt`	django.db.models.lookups.LessThan
`lookup_name`	`None`	django.db.models.lookups.Lookup
`prepare_rhs`	`True`	django.db.models.lookups.Lookup
`window_compatible`	`False`	django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Methods

def allowed_default(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

def apply_bilateral_transforms(self, value)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def apply_bilateral_transforms(self, value):
        for transform in self.bilateral_transforms:
            value = transform(value)
        return value

def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection):
        # Oracle doesn't allow EXISTS() and filters to be compared to another
        # expression unless they're wrapped in a CASE WHEN.
        wrapped = False
        exprs = []
        for expr in (self.lhs, self.rhs):
            if connection.ops.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(expr):
                expr = Case(When(expr, then=True), default=False)
                wrapped = True
            exprs.append(expr)
        lookup = type(self)(*exprs) if wrapped else self
        return lookup.as_sql(compiler, connection)

def as_sql(self, compiler, connection)

django.db.models.lookups.BuiltinLookup

Responsible for returning a (sql, [params]) tuple to be included
in the current query.

Different backends can provide their own implementation, by
providing an `as_{vendor}` method and patching the Expression:

```
def override_as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
    # custom logic
    return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
setattr(Expression, 'as_' + connection.vendor, override_as_sql)
```

Arguments:
 * compiler: the query compiler responsible for generating the query.
   Must have a compile method, returning a (sql, [params]) tuple.
   Calling compiler(value) will return a quoted `value`.

 * connection: the database connection used for the current query.

Return: (sql, params)
  Where `sql` is a string containing ordered sql parameters to be
  replaced with the elements of the list `params`.

    def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
        lhs_sql, params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
        rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
        params.extend(rhs_params)
        rhs_sql = self.get_rhs_op(connection, rhs_sql)
        return "%s %s" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Responsible for returning a (sql, [params]) tuple to be included
in the current query.

Different backends can provide their own implementation, by
providing an `as_{vendor}` method and patching the Expression:

```
def override_as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
    # custom logic
    return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
setattr(Expression, 'as_' + connection.vendor, override_as_sql)
```

Arguments:
 * compiler: the query compiler responsible for generating the query.
   Must have a compile method, returning a (sql, [params]) tuple.
   Calling compiler(value) will return a quoted `value`.

 * connection: the database connection used for the current query.

Return: (sql, params)
  Where `sql` is a string containing ordered sql parameters to be
  replaced with the elements of the list `params`.

    def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
        """
        Responsible for returning a (sql, [params]) tuple to be included
        in the current query.

        Different backends can provide their own implementation, by
        providing an `as_{vendor}` method and patching the Expression:

        ```
        def override_as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
            # custom logic
            return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
        setattr(Expression, 'as_' + connection.vendor, override_as_sql)
        ```

        Arguments:
         * compiler: the query compiler responsible for generating the query.
           Must have a compile method, returning a (sql, [params]) tuple.
           Calling compiler(value) will return a quoted `value`.

         * connection: the database connection used for the current query.

        Return: (sql, params)
          Where `sql` is a string containing ordered sql parameters to be
          replaced with the elements of the list `params`.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must implement as_sql()")

def asc(self, **kwargs)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def asc(self, **kwargs):
        return OrderBy(self, **kwargs)

def batch_process_rhs(self, compiler, connection, rhs=None)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def batch_process_rhs(self, compiler, connection, rhs=None):
        if rhs is None:
            rhs = self.rhs
        if self.bilateral_transforms:
            sqls, sqls_params = [], []
            for p in rhs:
                value = Value(p, output_field=self.lhs.output_field)
                value = self.apply_bilateral_transforms(value)
                value = value.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
                sql, sql_params = compiler.compile(value)
                sqls.append(sql)
                sqls_params.extend(sql_params)
        else:
            _, params = self.get_db_prep_lookup(rhs, connection)
            sqls, sqls_params = ["%s"] * len(params), params
        return sqls, sqls_params

def bitand(self, other)

django.db.models.expressions.Combinable

    def bitand(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITAND, False)

def bitleftshift(self, other)

django.db.models.expressions.Combinable

    def bitleftshift(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITLEFTSHIFT, False)

def bitor(self, other)

django.db.models.expressions.Combinable

    def bitor(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITOR, False)

def bitrightshift(self, other)

django.db.models.expressions.Combinable

    def bitrightshift(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITRIGHTSHIFT, False)

def bitxor(self, other)

django.db.models.expressions.Combinable

    def bitxor(self, other):
        return self._combine(other, self.BITXOR, False)

def conditional(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

def contains_aggregate(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

def contains_column_references(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

def contains_over_clause(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

def contains_subquery(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

def convert_value(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Expressions provide their own converters because users have the option
of manually specifying the output_field which may be a different type
from the one the database returns.

def copy(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def copy(self):
        return copy.copy(self)

def deconstruct(obj)

django.db.models.expressions.Expression

Return a 3-tuple of class import path, positional arguments,
and keyword arguments.

        def deconstruct(obj):
            """
            Return a 3-tuple of class import path, positional arguments,
            and keyword arguments.
            """
            # Fallback version
            if path and type(obj) is klass:
                module_name, _, name = path.rpartition(".")
            else:
                module_name = obj.__module__
                name = obj.__class__.__name__
            # Make sure it's actually there and not an inner class
            module = import_module(module_name)
            if not hasattr(module, name):
                raise ValueError(
                    "Could not find object %s in %s.\n"
                    "Please note that you cannot serialize things like inner "
                    "classes. Please move the object into the main module "
                    "body to use migrations.\n"
                    "For more information, see "
                    "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/topics/migrations/"
                    "#serializing-values" % (name, module_name, get_docs_version())
                )
            return (
                (
                    path
                    if path and type(obj) is klass
                    else f"{obj.__class__.__module__}.{name}"
                ),
                obj._constructor_args[0],
                obj._constructor_args[1],
            )

def desc(self, **kwargs)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def desc(self, **kwargs):
        return OrderBy(self, descending=True, **kwargs)

def field(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

def flatten(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Recursively yield this expression and all subexpressions, in
depth-first order.

    def flatten(self):
        """
        Recursively yield this expression and all subexpressions, in
        depth-first order.
        """
        yield self
        for expr in self.get_source_expressions():
            if expr:
                if hasattr(expr, "flatten"):
                    yield from expr.flatten()
                else:
                    yield expr

def get_db_converters(self, connection)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def get_db_converters(self, connection):
        return (
            []
            if self.convert_value is self._convert_value_noop
            else [self.convert_value]
        ) + self.output_field.get_db_converters(connection)

def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection)

django.db.models.lookups.FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin

    def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection):
        # For relational fields, use the 'target_field' attribute of the
        # output_field.
        field = getattr(self.lhs.output_field, "target_field", None)
        get_db_prep_value = (
            getattr(field, "get_db_prep_value", None)
            or self.lhs.output_field.get_db_prep_value
        )
        return (
            "%s",
            (
                [get_db_prep_value(v, connection, prepared=True) for v in value]
                if self.get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable
                else [get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=True)]
            ),
        )

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection):
        return ("%s", [value])

def get_group_by_cols(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def get_group_by_cols(self):
        cols = []
        for source in self.get_source_expressions():
            cols.extend(source.get_group_by_cols())
        return cols

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def get_group_by_cols(self):
        if not self.contains_aggregate:
            return [self]
        cols = []
        for source in self.get_source_expressions():
            cols.extend(source.get_group_by_cols())
        return cols

def get_lookup(self, lookup)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def get_lookup(self, lookup):
        return self.output_field.get_lookup(lookup)

def get_prep_lhs(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def get_prep_lhs(self):
        if hasattr(self.lhs, "resolve_expression"):
            return self.lhs
        return Value(self.lhs)

def get_prep_lookup(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def get_prep_lookup(self):
        if not self.prepare_rhs or hasattr(self.rhs, "resolve_expression"):
            return self.rhs
        if hasattr(self.lhs, "output_field"):
            if hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, "get_prep_value"):
                return self.lhs.output_field.get_prep_value(self.rhs)
        elif self.rhs_is_direct_value():
            return Value(self.rhs)
        return self.rhs

def get_refs(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def get_refs(self):
        refs = set()
        for expr in self.get_source_expressions():
            refs |= expr.get_refs()
        return refs

def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs)

django.db.models.lookups.BuiltinLookup

    def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
        return connection.operators[self.lookup_name] % rhs

def get_source_expressions(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def get_source_expressions(self):
        if self.rhs_is_direct_value():
            return [self.lhs]
        return [self.lhs, self.rhs]

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def get_source_expressions(self):
        return []

def get_source_fields(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Return the underlying field types used by this aggregate.

    def get_source_fields(self):
        """Return the underlying field types used by this aggregate."""
        return [e._output_field_or_none for e in self.get_source_expressions()]

def get_transform(self, name)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def get_transform(self, name):
        return self.output_field.get_transform(name)

def identity(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

django.db.models.expressions.Expression

def output_field(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Return the output type of this expressions.

def prefix_references(self, prefix)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def prefix_references(self, prefix):
        clone = self.copy()
        clone.set_source_expressions(
            [
                (
                    F(f"{prefix}{expr.name}")
                    if isinstance(expr, F)
                    else expr.prefix_references(prefix)
                )
                for expr in self.get_source_expressions()
            ]
        )
        return clone

def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection, lhs=None)

django.db.models.lookups.BuiltinLookup

    def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection, lhs=None):
        lhs_sql, params = super().process_lhs(compiler, connection, lhs)
        field_internal_type = self.lhs.output_field.get_internal_type()
        if (
            hasattr(connection.ops.__class__, "field_cast_sql")
            and connection.ops.__class__.field_cast_sql
            is not BaseDatabaseOperations.field_cast_sql
        ):
            warnings.warn(
                (
                    "The usage of DatabaseOperations.field_cast_sql() is deprecated. "
                    "Implement DatabaseOperations.lookup_cast() instead."
                ),
                RemovedInDjango60Warning,
            )
            db_type = self.lhs.output_field.db_type(connection=connection)
            lhs_sql = (
                connection.ops.field_cast_sql(db_type, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
            )
        lhs_sql = (
            connection.ops.lookup_cast(self.lookup_name, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
        )
        return lhs_sql, list(params)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection, lhs=None):
        lhs = lhs or self.lhs
        if hasattr(lhs, "resolve_expression"):
            lhs = lhs.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
        sql, params = compiler.compile(lhs)
        if isinstance(lhs, Lookup):
            # Wrapped in parentheses to respect operator precedence.
            sql = f"({sql})"
        return sql, params

def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
        value = self.rhs
        if self.bilateral_transforms:
            if self.rhs_is_direct_value():
                # Do not call get_db_prep_lookup here as the value will be
                # transformed before being used for lookup
                value = Value(value, output_field=self.lhs.output_field)
            value = self.apply_bilateral_transforms(value)
            value = value.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
        if hasattr(value, "as_sql"):
            sql, params = compiler.compile(value)
            # Ensure expression is wrapped in parentheses to respect operator
            # precedence but avoid double wrapping as it can be misinterpreted
            # on some backends (e.g. subqueries on SQLite).
            if sql and sql[0] != "(":
                sql = "(%s)" % sql
            return sql, params
        else:
            return self.get_db_prep_lookup(value, connection)

def relabeled_clone(self, change_map)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def relabeled_clone(self, change_map):
        clone = self.copy()
        clone.set_source_expressions(
            [
                e.relabeled_clone(change_map) if e is not None else None
                for e in self.get_source_expressions()
            ]
        )
        return clone

def replace_expressions(self, replacements)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def replace_expressions(self, replacements):
        if replacement := replacements.get(self):
            return replacement
        clone = self.copy()
        source_expressions = clone.get_source_expressions()
        clone.set_source_expressions(
            [
                expr.replace_expressions(replacements) if expr else None
                for expr in source_expressions
            ]
        )
        return clone

def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

Provide the chance to do any preprocessing or validation before being
added to the query.

Arguments:
 * query: the backend query implementation
 * allow_joins: boolean allowing or denying use of joins
   in this query
 * reuse: a set of reusable joins for multijoins
 * summarize: a terminal aggregate clause
 * for_save: whether this expression about to be used in a save or update

Return: an Expression to be added to the query.

    def resolve_expression(
        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
    ):
        c = self.copy()
        c.is_summary = summarize
        c.lhs = self.lhs.resolve_expression(
            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
        )
        if hasattr(self.rhs, "resolve_expression"):
            c.rhs = self.rhs.resolve_expression(
                query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
            )
        return c

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Provide the chance to do any preprocessing or validation before being
added to the query.

Arguments:
 * query: the backend query implementation
 * allow_joins: boolean allowing or denying use of joins
   in this query
 * reuse: a set of reusable joins for multijoins
 * summarize: a terminal aggregate clause
 * for_save: whether this expression about to be used in a save or update

Return: an Expression to be added to the query.

    def resolve_expression(
        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
    ):
        """
        Provide the chance to do any preprocessing or validation before being
        added to the query.

        Arguments:
         * query: the backend query implementation
         * allow_joins: boolean allowing or denying use of joins
           in this query
         * reuse: a set of reusable joins for multijoins
         * summarize: a terminal aggregate clause
         * for_save: whether this expression about to be used in a save or update

        Return: an Expression to be added to the query.
        """
        c = self.copy()
        c.is_summary = summarize
        c.set_source_expressions(
            [
                (
                    expr.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
                    if expr
                    else None
                )
                for expr in c.get_source_expressions()
            ]
        )
        return c

def reverse_ordering(self)

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def reverse_ordering(self):
        return self

def rhs_is_direct_value(self)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def rhs_is_direct_value(self):
        return not hasattr(self.rhs, "as_sql")

def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

Custom format for select clauses. For example, EXISTS expressions need
to be wrapped in CASE WHEN on Oracle.

    def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
        # Wrap filters with a CASE WHEN expression if a database backend
        # (e.g. Oracle) doesn't support boolean expression in SELECT or GROUP
        # BY list.
        if not compiler.connection.features.supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause:
            sql = f"CASE WHEN {sql} THEN 1 ELSE 0 END"
        return sql, params

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

Custom format for select clauses. For example, EXISTS expressions need
to be wrapped in CASE WHEN on Oracle.

    def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
        """
        Custom format for select clauses. For example, EXISTS expressions need
        to be wrapped in CASE WHEN on Oracle.
        """
        if hasattr(self.output_field, "select_format"):
            return self.output_field.select_format(compiler, sql, params)
        return sql, params

def set_source_expressions(self, new_exprs)

django.db.models.lookups.Lookup

    def set_source_expressions(self, new_exprs):
        if len(new_exprs) == 1:
            self.lhs = new_exprs[0]
        else:
            self.lhs, self.rhs = new_exprs

django.db.models.expressions.BaseExpression

    def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
        assert not exprs