class Manager

def aaggregate(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aaggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return await sync_to_async(self.aggregate)(*args, **kwargs)

def abulk_create(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def abulk_create(
        self,
        objs,
        batch_size=None,
        ignore_conflicts=False,
        update_conflicts=False,
        update_fields=None,
        unique_fields=None,
    ):
        return await sync_to_async(self.bulk_create)(
            objs=objs,
            batch_size=batch_size,
            ignore_conflicts=ignore_conflicts,
            update_conflicts=update_conflicts,
            update_fields=update_fields,
            unique_fields=unique_fields,
        )

def abulk_update(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def abulk_update(self, objs, fields, batch_size=None):
        return await sync_to_async(self.bulk_update)(
            objs=objs,
            fields=fields,
            batch_size=batch_size,
        )

def acontains(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def acontains(self, obj):
        return await sync_to_async(self.contains)(obj=obj)

def acount(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def acount(self):
        return await sync_to_async(self.count)()

def acreate(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def acreate(self, **kwargs):
        return await sync_to_async(self.create)(**kwargs)

def aearliest(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aearliest(self, *fields):
        return await sync_to_async(self.earliest)(*fields)

def aexists(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aexists(self):
        return await sync_to_async(self.exists)()

def aexplain(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aexplain(self, *, format=None, **options):
        return await sync_to_async(self.explain)(format=format, **options)

def afirst(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def afirst(self):
        return await sync_to_async(self.first)()

def aget(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aget(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return await sync_to_async(self.get)(*args, **kwargs)

def aget_or_create(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aget_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
        return await sync_to_async(self.get_or_create)(
            defaults=defaults,
            **kwargs,
        )

def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a dictionary containing the calculations (aggregation)
over the current queryset.

If args is present the expression is passed as a kwarg using
the Aggregate object's default alias.

    def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Return a dictionary containing the calculations (aggregation)
        over the current queryset.

        If args is present the expression is passed as a kwarg using
        the Aggregate object's default alias.
        """
        if self.query.distinct_fields:
            raise NotImplementedError("aggregate() + distinct(fields) not implemented.")
        self._validate_values_are_expressions(
            (*args, *kwargs.values()), method_name="aggregate"
        )
        for arg in args:
            # The default_alias property raises TypeError if default_alias
            # can't be set automatically or AttributeError if it isn't an
            # attribute.
            try:
                arg.default_alias
            except (AttributeError, TypeError):
                raise TypeError("Complex aggregates require an alias")
            kwargs[arg.default_alias] = arg

        return self.query.chain().get_aggregation(self.db, kwargs)

def ain_bulk(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def ain_bulk(self, id_list=None, *, field_name="pk"):
        return await sync_to_async(self.in_bulk)(
            id_list=id_list,
            field_name=field_name,
        )

def aiterator(self, *args, **kwargs)

An asynchronous iterator over the results from applying this QuerySet
to the database.

    async def aiterator(self, chunk_size=2000):
        """
        An asynchronous iterator over the results from applying this QuerySet
        to the database.
        """
        if chunk_size <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Chunk size must be strictly positive.")
        use_chunked_fetch = not connections[self.db].settings_dict.get(
            "DISABLE_SERVER_SIDE_CURSORS"
        )
        iterable = self._iterable_class(
            self, chunked_fetch=use_chunked_fetch, chunk_size=chunk_size
        )
        if self._prefetch_related_lookups:
            results = []

            async for item in iterable:
                results.append(item)
                if len(results) >= chunk_size:
                    await aprefetch_related_objects(
                        results, *self._prefetch_related_lookups
                    )
                    for result in results:
                        yield result
                    results.clear()

            if results:
                await aprefetch_related_objects(
                    results, *self._prefetch_related_lookups
                )
                for result in results:
                    yield result
        else:
            async for item in iterable:
                yield item

def alast(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def alast(self):
        return await sync_to_async(self.last)()

def alatest(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def alatest(self, *fields):
        return await sync_to_async(self.latest)(*fields)

def alias(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a query set with added aliases for extra data or aggregations.

    def alias(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Return a query set with added aliases for extra data or aggregations.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("alias")
        return self._annotate(args, kwargs, select=False)

def all(self)

    def all(self):
        # We can't proxy this method through the `QuerySet` like we do for the
        # rest of the `QuerySet` methods. This is because `QuerySet.all()`
        # works by creating a "copy" of the current queryset and in making said
        # copy, all the cached `prefetch_related` lookups are lost. See the
        # implementation of `RelatedManager.get_queryset()` for a better
        # understanding of how this comes into play.
        return self.get_queryset()

def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a query set in which the returned objects have been annotated
with extra data or aggregations.

    def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Return a query set in which the returned objects have been annotated
        with extra data or aggregations.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("annotate")
        return self._annotate(args, kwargs, select=True)

def aupdate(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aupdate(self, **kwargs):
        return await sync_to_async(self.update)(**kwargs)

def aupdate_or_create(self, *args, **kwargs)

    async def aupdate_or_create(self, defaults=None, create_defaults=None, **kwargs):
        return await sync_to_async(self.update_or_create)(
            defaults=defaults,
            create_defaults=create_defaults,
            **kwargs,
        )

def bulk_create(self, *args, **kwargs)

Insert each of the instances into the database. Do *not* call
save() on each of the instances, do not send any pre/post_save
signals, and do not set the primary key attribute if it is an
autoincrement field (except if features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert=True).
Multi-table models are not supported.

    def bulk_create(
        self,
        objs,
        batch_size=None,
        ignore_conflicts=False,
        update_conflicts=False,
        update_fields=None,
        unique_fields=None,
    ):
        """
        Insert each of the instances into the database. Do *not* call
        save() on each of the instances, do not send any pre/post_save
        signals, and do not set the primary key attribute if it is an
        autoincrement field (except if features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert=True).
        Multi-table models are not supported.
        """
        # When you bulk insert you don't get the primary keys back (if it's an
        # autoincrement, except if can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert=True), so
        # you can't insert into the child tables which references this. There
        # are two workarounds:
        # 1) This could be implemented if you didn't have an autoincrement pk
        # 2) You could do it by doing O(n) normal inserts into the parent
        #    tables to get the primary keys back and then doing a single bulk
        #    insert into the childmost table.
        # We currently set the primary keys on the objects when using
        # PostgreSQL via the RETURNING ID clause. It should be possible for
        # Oracle as well, but the semantics for extracting the primary keys is
        # trickier so it's not done yet.
        if batch_size is not None and batch_size <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Batch size must be a positive integer.")
        # Check that the parents share the same concrete model with the our
        # model to detect the inheritance pattern ConcreteGrandParent ->
        # MultiTableParent -> ProxyChild. Simply checking self.model._meta.proxy
        # would not identify that case as involving multiple tables.
        for parent in self.model._meta.get_parent_list():
            if parent._meta.concrete_model is not self.model._meta.concrete_model:
                raise ValueError("Can't bulk create a multi-table inherited model")
        if not objs:
            return objs
        opts = self.model._meta
        if unique_fields:
            # Primary key is allowed in unique_fields.
            unique_fields = [
                self.model._meta.get_field(opts.pk.name if name == "pk" else name)
                for name in unique_fields
            ]
        if update_fields:
            update_fields = [self.model._meta.get_field(name) for name in update_fields]
        on_conflict = self._check_bulk_create_options(
            ignore_conflicts,
            update_conflicts,
            update_fields,
            unique_fields,
        )
        self._for_write = True
        fields = [f for f in opts.concrete_fields if not f.generated]
        objs = list(objs)
        self._prepare_for_bulk_create(objs)
        with transaction.atomic(using=self.db, savepoint=False):
            objs_with_pk, objs_without_pk = partition(lambda o: o.pk is None, objs)
            if objs_with_pk:
                returned_columns = self._batched_insert(
                    objs_with_pk,
                    fields,
                    batch_size,
                    on_conflict=on_conflict,
                    update_fields=update_fields,
                    unique_fields=unique_fields,
                )
                for obj_with_pk, results in zip(objs_with_pk, returned_columns):
                    for result, field in zip(results, opts.db_returning_fields):
                        if field != opts.pk:
                            setattr(obj_with_pk, field.attname, result)
                for obj_with_pk in objs_with_pk:
                    obj_with_pk._state.adding = False
                    obj_with_pk._state.db = self.db
            if objs_without_pk:
                fields = [f for f in fields if not isinstance(f, AutoField)]
                returned_columns = self._batched_insert(
                    objs_without_pk,
                    fields,
                    batch_size,
                    on_conflict=on_conflict,
                    update_fields=update_fields,
                    unique_fields=unique_fields,
                )
                connection = connections[self.db]
                if (
                    connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert
                    and on_conflict is None
                ):
                    assert len(returned_columns) == len(objs_without_pk)
                for obj_without_pk, results in zip(objs_without_pk, returned_columns):
                    for result, field in zip(results, opts.db_returning_fields):
                        setattr(obj_without_pk, field.attname, result)
                    obj_without_pk._state.adding = False
                    obj_without_pk._state.db = self.db

        return objs

def bulk_update(self, *args, **kwargs)

Update the given fields in each of the given objects in the database.

    def bulk_update(self, objs, fields, batch_size=None):
        """
        Update the given fields in each of the given objects in the database.
        """
        if batch_size is not None and batch_size <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Batch size must be a positive integer.")
        if not fields:
            raise ValueError("Field names must be given to bulk_update().")
        objs = tuple(objs)
        if any(obj.pk is None for obj in objs):
            raise ValueError("All bulk_update() objects must have a primary key set.")
        fields = [self.model._meta.get_field(name) for name in fields]
        if any(not f.concrete or f.many_to_many for f in fields):
            raise ValueError("bulk_update() can only be used with concrete fields.")
        if any(f.primary_key for f in fields):
            raise ValueError("bulk_update() cannot be used with primary key fields.")
        if not objs:
            return 0
        for obj in objs:
            obj._prepare_related_fields_for_save(
                operation_name="bulk_update", fields=fields
            )
        # PK is used twice in the resulting update query, once in the filter
        # and once in the WHEN. Each field will also have one CAST.
        self._for_write = True
        connection = connections[self.db]
        max_batch_size = connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(["pk", "pk"] + fields, objs)
        batch_size = min(batch_size, max_batch_size) if batch_size else max_batch_size
        requires_casting = connection.features.requires_casted_case_in_updates
        batches = (objs[i : i + batch_size] for i in range(0, len(objs), batch_size))
        updates = []
        for batch_objs in batches:
            update_kwargs = {}
            for field in fields:
                when_statements = []
                for obj in batch_objs:
                    attr = getattr(obj, field.attname)
                    if not hasattr(attr, "resolve_expression"):
                        attr = Value(attr, output_field=field)
                    when_statements.append(When(pk=obj.pk, then=attr))
                case_statement = Case(*when_statements, output_field=field)
                if requires_casting:
                    case_statement = Cast(case_statement, output_field=field)
                update_kwargs[field.attname] = case_statement
            updates.append(([obj.pk for obj in batch_objs], update_kwargs))
        rows_updated = 0
        queryset = self.using(self.db)
        with transaction.atomic(using=self.db, savepoint=False):
            for pks, update_kwargs in updates:
                rows_updated += queryset.filter(pk__in=pks).update(**update_kwargs)
        return rows_updated

def check(self, **kwargs)

    def check(self, **kwargs):
        return []

def complex_filter(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance with filter_obj added to the filters.

filter_obj can be a Q object or a dictionary of keyword lookup
arguments.

This exists to support framework features such as 'limit_choices_to',
and usually it will be more natural to use other methods.

    def complex_filter(self, filter_obj):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet instance with filter_obj added to the filters.

        filter_obj can be a Q object or a dictionary of keyword lookup
        arguments.

        This exists to support framework features such as 'limit_choices_to',
        and usually it will be more natural to use other methods.
        """
        if isinstance(filter_obj, Q):
            clone = self._chain()
            clone.query.add_q(filter_obj)
            return clone
        else:
            return self._filter_or_exclude(False, args=(), kwargs=filter_obj)

def contains(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return True if the QuerySet contains the provided obj,
False otherwise.

    def contains(self, obj):
        """
        Return True if the QuerySet contains the provided obj,
        False otherwise.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("contains")
        if self._fields is not None:
            raise TypeError(
                "Cannot call QuerySet.contains() after .values() or .values_list()."
            )
        try:
            if obj._meta.concrete_model != self.model._meta.concrete_model:
                return False
        except AttributeError:
            raise TypeError("'obj' must be a model instance.")
        if obj.pk is None:
            raise ValueError("QuerySet.contains() cannot be used on unsaved objects.")
        if self._result_cache is not None:
            return obj in self._result_cache
        return self.filter(pk=obj.pk).exists()

def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name)

    def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name):
        self.name = self.name or name
        self.model = cls

        setattr(cls, name, ManagerDescriptor(self))

        cls._meta.add_manager(self)

def count(self, *args, **kwargs)

Perform a SELECT COUNT() and return the number of records as an
integer.

If the QuerySet is already fully cached, return the length of the
cached results set to avoid multiple SELECT COUNT(*) calls.

    def count(self):
        """
        Perform a SELECT COUNT() and return the number of records as an
        integer.

        If the QuerySet is already fully cached, return the length of the
        cached results set to avoid multiple SELECT COUNT(*) calls.
        """
        if self._result_cache is not None:
            return len(self._result_cache)

        return self.query.get_count(using=self.db)

def create(self, *args, **kwargs)

Create a new object with the given kwargs, saving it to the database
and returning the created object.

    def create(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Create a new object with the given kwargs, saving it to the database
        and returning the created object.
        """
        reverse_one_to_one_fields = frozenset(kwargs).intersection(
            self.model._meta._reverse_one_to_one_field_names
        )
        if reverse_one_to_one_fields:
            raise ValueError(
                "The following fields do not exist in this model: %s"
                % ", ".join(reverse_one_to_one_fields)
            )

        obj = self.model(**kwargs)
        self._for_write = True
        obj.save(force_insert=True, using=self.db)
        return obj

def dates(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a list of date objects representing all available dates for
the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.

    def dates(self, field_name, kind, order="ASC"):
        """
        Return a list of date objects representing all available dates for
        the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.
        """
        if kind not in ("year", "month", "week", "day"):
            raise ValueError("'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month', 'week', or 'day'.")
        if order not in ("ASC", "DESC"):
            raise ValueError("'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'.")
        return (
            self.annotate(
                datefield=Trunc(field_name, kind, output_field=DateField()),
                plain_field=F(field_name),
            )
            .values_list("datefield", flat=True)
            .distinct()
            .filter(plain_field__isnull=False)
            .order_by(("-" if order == "DESC" else "") + "datefield")
        )

def datetimes(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a list of datetime objects representing all available
datetimes for the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.

    def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order="ASC", tzinfo=None):
        """
        Return a list of datetime objects representing all available
        datetimes for the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.
        """
        if kind not in ("year", "month", "week", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"):
            raise ValueError(
                "'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month', 'week', 'day', "
                "'hour', 'minute', or 'second'."
            )
        if order not in ("ASC", "DESC"):
            raise ValueError("'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'.")
        if settings.USE_TZ:
            if tzinfo is None:
                tzinfo = timezone.get_current_timezone()
        else:
            tzinfo = None
        return (
            self.annotate(
                datetimefield=Trunc(
                    field_name,
                    kind,
                    output_field=DateTimeField(),
                    tzinfo=tzinfo,
                ),
                plain_field=F(field_name),
            )
            .values_list("datetimefield", flat=True)
            .distinct()
            .filter(plain_field__isnull=False)
            .order_by(("-" if order == "DESC" else "") + "datetimefield")
        )

def db(self)

def db_manager(self, using=None, hints=None)

    def db_manager(self, using=None, hints=None):
        obj = copy.copy(self)
        obj._db = using or self._db
        obj._hints = hints or self._hints
        return obj

def deconstruct(self)

Return a 5-tuple of the form (as_manager (True), manager_class,
queryset_class, args, kwargs).

Raise a ValueError if the manager is dynamically generated.

    def deconstruct(self):
        """
        Return a 5-tuple of the form (as_manager (True), manager_class,
        queryset_class, args, kwargs).

        Raise a ValueError if the manager is dynamically generated.
        """
        qs_class = self._queryset_class
        if getattr(self, "_built_with_as_manager", False):
            # using MyQuerySet.as_manager()
            return (
                True,  # as_manager
                None,  # manager_class
                "%s.%s" % (qs_class.__module__, qs_class.__name__),  # qs_class
                None,  # args
                None,  # kwargs
            )
        else:
            module_name = self.__module__
            name = self.__class__.__name__
            # Make sure it's actually there and not an inner class
            module = import_module(module_name)
            if not hasattr(module, name):
                raise ValueError(
                    "Could not find manager %s in %s.\n"
                    "Please note that you need to inherit from managers you "
                    "dynamically generated with 'from_queryset()'."
                    % (name, module_name)
                )
            return (
                False,  # as_manager
                "%s.%s" % (module_name, name),  # manager_class
                None,  # qs_class
                self._constructor_args[0],  # args
                self._constructor_args[1],  # kwargs
            )

def defer(self, *args, **kwargs)

Defer the loading of data for certain fields until they are accessed.
Add the set of deferred fields to any existing set of deferred fields.
The only exception to this is if None is passed in as the only
parameter, in which case removal all deferrals.

    def defer(self, *fields):
        """
        Defer the loading of data for certain fields until they are accessed.
        Add the set of deferred fields to any existing set of deferred fields.
        The only exception to this is if None is passed in as the only
        parameter, in which case removal all deferrals.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("defer")
        if self._fields is not None:
            raise TypeError("Cannot call defer() after .values() or .values_list()")
        clone = self._chain()
        if fields == (None,):
            clone.query.clear_deferred_loading()
        else:
            clone.query.add_deferred_loading(fields)
        return clone

def difference(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def difference(self, *other_qs):
        # If the query is an EmptyQuerySet, return it.
        if isinstance(self, EmptyQuerySet):
            return self
        return self._combinator_query("difference", *other_qs)

def distinct(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance that will select only distinct results.

    def distinct(self, *field_names):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet instance that will select only distinct results.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("distinct")
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError(
                "Cannot create distinct fields once a slice has been taken."
            )
        obj = self._chain()
        obj.query.add_distinct_fields(*field_names)
        return obj

def earliest(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def earliest(self, *fields):
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.")
        return self._earliest(*fields)

def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance with NOT (args) ANDed to the existing
set.

    def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet instance with NOT (args) ANDed to the existing
        set.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("exclude")
        return self._filter_or_exclude(True, args, kwargs)

def exists(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return True if the QuerySet would have any results, False otherwise.

    def exists(self):
        """
        Return True if the QuerySet would have any results, False otherwise.
        """
        if self._result_cache is None:
            return self.query.has_results(using=self.db)
        return bool(self._result_cache)

def explain(self, *args, **kwargs)

Runs an EXPLAIN on the SQL query this QuerySet would perform, and
returns the results.

    def explain(self, *, format=None, **options):
        """
        Runs an EXPLAIN on the SQL query this QuerySet would perform, and
        returns the results.
        """
        return self.query.explain(using=self.db, format=format, **options)

def extra(self, *args, **kwargs)

Add extra SQL fragments to the query.

    def extra(
        self,
        select=None,
        where=None,
        params=None,
        tables=None,
        order_by=None,
        select_params=None,
    ):
        """Add extra SQL fragments to the query."""
        self._not_support_combined_queries("extra")
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.")
        clone = self._chain()
        clone.query.add_extra(select, select_params, where, params, tables, order_by)
        return clone

def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance with the args ANDed to the existing
set.

    def filter(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet instance with the args ANDed to the existing
        set.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("filter")
        return self._filter_or_exclude(False, args, kwargs)

def first(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return the first object of a query or None if no match is found.

    def first(self):
        """Return the first object of a query or None if no match is found."""
        if self.ordered:
            queryset = self
        else:
            self._check_ordering_first_last_queryset_aggregation(method="first")
            queryset = self.order_by("pk")
        for obj in queryset[:1]:
            return obj

def from_queryset(cls, queryset_class, class_name=None)

    @classmethod
    def from_queryset(cls, queryset_class, class_name=None):
        if class_name is None:
            class_name = "%sFrom%s" % (cls.__name__, queryset_class.__name__)
        return type(
            class_name,
            (cls,),
            {
                "_queryset_class": queryset_class,
                **cls._get_queryset_methods(queryset_class),
            },
        )

def get(self, *args, **kwargs)

Perform the query and return a single object matching the given
keyword arguments.

    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Perform the query and return a single object matching the given
        keyword arguments.
        """
        if self.query.combinator and (args or kwargs):
            raise NotSupportedError(
                "Calling QuerySet.get(...) with filters after %s() is not "
                "supported." % self.query.combinator
            )
        clone = self._chain() if self.query.combinator else self.filter(*args, **kwargs)
        if self.query.can_filter() and not self.query.distinct_fields:
            clone = clone.order_by()
        limit = None
        if (
            not clone.query.select_for_update
            or connections[clone.db].features.supports_select_for_update_with_limit
        ):
            limit = MAX_GET_RESULTS
            clone.query.set_limits(high=limit)
        num = len(clone)
        if num == 1:
            return clone._result_cache[0]
        if not num:
            raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
                "%s matching query does not exist." % self.model._meta.object_name
            )
        raise self.model.MultipleObjectsReturned(
            "get() returned more than one %s -- it returned %s!"
            % (
                self.model._meta.object_name,
                num if not limit or num < limit else "more than %s" % (limit - 1),
            )
        )

def get_or_create(self, *args, **kwargs)

Look up an object with the given kwargs, creating one if necessary.
Return a tuple of (object, created), where created is a boolean
specifying whether an object was created.

    def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Look up an object with the given kwargs, creating one if necessary.
        Return a tuple of (object, created), where created is a boolean
        specifying whether an object was created.
        """
        # The get() needs to be targeted at the write database in order
        # to avoid potential transaction consistency problems.
        self._for_write = True
        try:
            return self.get(**kwargs), False
        except self.model.DoesNotExist:
            params = self._extract_model_params(defaults, **kwargs)
            # Try to create an object using passed params.
            try:
                with transaction.atomic(using=self.db):
                    params = dict(resolve_callables(params))
                    return self.create(**params), True
            except IntegrityError:
                try:
                    return self.get(**kwargs), False
                except self.model.DoesNotExist:
                    pass
                raise

def get_queryset(self)

Return a new QuerySet object. Subclasses can override this method to
customize the behavior of the Manager.

    def get_queryset(self):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet object. Subclasses can override this method to
        customize the behavior of the Manager.
        """
        return self._queryset_class(model=self.model, using=self._db, hints=self._hints)

def in_bulk(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a dictionary mapping each of the given IDs to the object with
that ID. If `id_list` isn't provided, evaluate the entire QuerySet.

    def in_bulk(self, id_list=None, *, field_name="pk"):
        """
        Return a dictionary mapping each of the given IDs to the object with
        that ID. If `id_list` isn't provided, evaluate the entire QuerySet.
        """
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with in_bulk().")
        opts = self.model._meta
        unique_fields = [
            constraint.fields[0]
            for constraint in opts.total_unique_constraints
            if len(constraint.fields) == 1
        ]
        if (
            field_name != "pk"
            and not opts.get_field(field_name).unique
            and field_name not in unique_fields
            and self.query.distinct_fields != (field_name,)
        ):
            raise ValueError(
                "in_bulk()'s field_name must be a unique field but %r isn't."
                % field_name
            )
        if id_list is not None:
            if not id_list:
                return {}
            filter_key = "{}__in".format(field_name)
            batch_size = connections[self.db].features.max_query_params
            id_list = tuple(id_list)
            # If the database has a limit on the number of query parameters
            # (e.g. SQLite), retrieve objects in batches if necessary.
            if batch_size and batch_size < len(id_list):
                qs = ()
                for offset in range(0, len(id_list), batch_size):
                    batch = id_list[offset : offset + batch_size]
                    qs += tuple(self.filter(**{filter_key: batch}))
            else:
                qs = self.filter(**{filter_key: id_list})
        else:
            qs = self._chain()
        return {getattr(obj, field_name): obj for obj in qs}

def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def intersection(self, *other_qs):
        # If any query is an EmptyQuerySet, return it.
        if isinstance(self, EmptyQuerySet):
            return self
        for other in other_qs:
            if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
                return other
        return self._combinator_query("intersection", *other_qs)

def iterator(self, *args, **kwargs)

An iterator over the results from applying this QuerySet to the
database. chunk_size must be provided for QuerySets that prefetch
related objects. Otherwise, a default chunk_size of 2000 is supplied.

    def iterator(self, chunk_size=None):
        """
        An iterator over the results from applying this QuerySet to the
        database. chunk_size must be provided for QuerySets that prefetch
        related objects. Otherwise, a default chunk_size of 2000 is supplied.
        """
        if chunk_size is None:
            if self._prefetch_related_lookups:
                raise ValueError(
                    "chunk_size must be provided when using QuerySet.iterator() after "
                    "prefetch_related()."
                )
        elif chunk_size <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Chunk size must be strictly positive.")
        use_chunked_fetch = not connections[self.db].settings_dict.get(
            "DISABLE_SERVER_SIDE_CURSORS"
        )
        return self._iterator(use_chunked_fetch, chunk_size)

def last(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return the last object of a query or None if no match is found.

    def last(self):
        """Return the last object of a query or None if no match is found."""
        if self.ordered:
            queryset = self.reverse()
        else:
            self._check_ordering_first_last_queryset_aggregation(method="last")
            queryset = self.order_by("-pk")
        for obj in queryset[:1]:
            return obj

def latest(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return the latest object according to fields (if given) or by the
model's Meta.get_latest_by.

    def latest(self, *fields):
        """
        Return the latest object according to fields (if given) or by the
        model's Meta.get_latest_by.
        """
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.")
        return self.reverse()._earliest(*fields)

def none(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return an empty QuerySet.

    def none(self):
        """Return an empty QuerySet."""
        clone = self._chain()
        clone.query.set_empty()
        return clone

def only(self, *args, **kwargs)

Essentially, the opposite of defer(). Only the fields passed into this
method and that are not already specified as deferred are loaded
immediately when the queryset is evaluated.

    def only(self, *fields):
        """
        Essentially, the opposite of defer(). Only the fields passed into this
        method and that are not already specified as deferred are loaded
        immediately when the queryset is evaluated.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("only")
        if self._fields is not None:
            raise TypeError("Cannot call only() after .values() or .values_list()")
        if fields == (None,):
            # Can only pass None to defer(), not only(), as the rest option.
            # That won't stop people trying to do this, so let's be explicit.
            raise TypeError("Cannot pass None as an argument to only().")
        for field in fields:
            field = field.split(LOOKUP_SEP, 1)[0]
            if field in self.query._filtered_relations:
                raise ValueError("only() is not supported with FilteredRelation.")
        clone = self._chain()
        clone.query.add_immediate_loading(fields)
        return clone

def order_by(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance with the ordering changed.

    def order_by(self, *field_names):
        """Return a new QuerySet instance with the ordering changed."""
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken.")
        obj = self._chain()
        obj.query.clear_ordering(force=True, clear_default=False)
        obj.query.add_ordering(*field_names)
        return obj

def prefetch_related(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance that will prefetch the specified
Many-To-One and Many-To-Many related objects when the QuerySet is
evaluated.

When prefetch_related() is called more than once, append to the list of
prefetch lookups. If prefetch_related(None) is called, clear the list.

    def prefetch_related(self, *lookups):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet instance that will prefetch the specified
        Many-To-One and Many-To-Many related objects when the QuerySet is
        evaluated.

        When prefetch_related() is called more than once, append to the list of
        prefetch lookups. If prefetch_related(None) is called, clear the list.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("prefetch_related")
        clone = self._chain()
        if lookups == (None,):
            clone._prefetch_related_lookups = ()
        else:
            for lookup in lookups:
                if isinstance(lookup, Prefetch):
                    lookup = lookup.prefetch_to
                lookup = lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP, 1)[0]
                if lookup in self.query._filtered_relations:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "prefetch_related() is not supported with FilteredRelation."
                    )
            clone._prefetch_related_lookups = clone._prefetch_related_lookups + lookups
        return clone

def raw(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def raw(self, raw_query, params=(), translations=None, using=None):
        if using is None:
            using = self.db
        qs = RawQuerySet(
            raw_query,
            model=self.model,
            params=params,
            translations=translations,
            using=using,
        )
        qs._prefetch_related_lookups = self._prefetch_related_lookups[:]
        return qs

def reverse(self, *args, **kwargs)

Reverse the ordering of the QuerySet.

    def reverse(self):
        """Reverse the ordering of the QuerySet."""
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot reverse a query once a slice has been taken.")
        clone = self._chain()
        clone.query.standard_ordering = not clone.query.standard_ordering
        return clone

def select_for_update(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance that will select objects with a
FOR UPDATE lock.

    def select_for_update(self, nowait=False, skip_locked=False, of=(), no_key=False):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet instance that will select objects with a
        FOR UPDATE lock.
        """
        if nowait and skip_locked:
            raise ValueError("The nowait option cannot be used with skip_locked.")
        obj = self._chain()
        obj._for_write = True
        obj.query.select_for_update = True
        obj.query.select_for_update_nowait = nowait
        obj.query.select_for_update_skip_locked = skip_locked
        obj.query.select_for_update_of = of
        obj.query.select_for_no_key_update = no_key
        return obj

def select_related(self, *args, **kwargs)

Return a new QuerySet instance that will select related objects.

If fields are specified, they must be ForeignKey fields and only those
related objects are included in the selection.

If select_related(None) is called, clear the list.

    def select_related(self, *fields):
        """
        Return a new QuerySet instance that will select related objects.

        If fields are specified, they must be ForeignKey fields and only those
        related objects are included in the selection.

        If select_related(None) is called, clear the list.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("select_related")
        if self._fields is not None:
            raise TypeError(
                "Cannot call select_related() after .values() or .values_list()"
            )

        obj = self._chain()
        if fields == (None,):
            obj.query.select_related = False
        elif fields:
            obj.query.add_select_related(fields)
        else:
            obj.query.select_related = True
        return obj

def union(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def union(self, *other_qs, all=False):
        # If the query is an EmptyQuerySet, combine all nonempty querysets.
        if isinstance(self, EmptyQuerySet):
            qs = [q for q in other_qs if not isinstance(q, EmptyQuerySet)]
            if not qs:
                return self
            if len(qs) == 1:
                return qs[0]
            return qs[0]._combinator_query("union", *qs[1:], all=all)
        return self._combinator_query("union", *other_qs, all=all)

def update(self, *args, **kwargs)

Update all elements in the current QuerySet, setting all the given
fields to the appropriate values.

    def update(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Update all elements in the current QuerySet, setting all the given
        fields to the appropriate values.
        """
        self._not_support_combined_queries("update")
        if self.query.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken.")
        self._for_write = True
        query = self.query.chain(sql.UpdateQuery)
        query.add_update_values(kwargs)

        # Inline annotations in order_by(), if possible.
        new_order_by = []
        for col in query.order_by:
            alias = col
            descending = False
            if isinstance(alias, str) and alias.startswith("-"):
                alias = alias.removeprefix("-")
                descending = True
            if annotation := query.annotations.get(alias):
                if getattr(annotation, "contains_aggregate", False):
                    raise exceptions.FieldError(
                        f"Cannot update when ordering by an aggregate: {annotation}"
                    )
                if descending:
                    annotation = annotation.desc()
                new_order_by.append(annotation)
            else:
                new_order_by.append(col)
        query.order_by = tuple(new_order_by)

        # Clear any annotations so that they won't be present in subqueries.
        query.annotations = {}
        with transaction.mark_for_rollback_on_error(using=self.db):
            rows = query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(CURSOR)
        self._result_cache = None
        return rows

def update_or_create(self, *args, **kwargs)

Look up an object with the given kwargs, updating one with defaults
if it exists, otherwise create a new one. Optionally, an object can
be created with different values than defaults by using
create_defaults.
Return a tuple (object, created), where created is a boolean
specifying whether an object was created.

    def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, create_defaults=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Look up an object with the given kwargs, updating one with defaults
        if it exists, otherwise create a new one. Optionally, an object can
        be created with different values than defaults by using
        create_defaults.
        Return a tuple (object, created), where created is a boolean
        specifying whether an object was created.
        """
        update_defaults = defaults or {}
        if create_defaults is None:
            create_defaults = update_defaults

        self._for_write = True
        with transaction.atomic(using=self.db):
            # Lock the row so that a concurrent update is blocked until
            # update_or_create() has performed its save.
            obj, created = self.select_for_update().get_or_create(
                create_defaults, **kwargs
            )
            if created:
                return obj, created
            for k, v in resolve_callables(update_defaults):
                setattr(obj, k, v)

            update_fields = set(update_defaults)
            concrete_field_names = self.model._meta._non_pk_concrete_field_names
            # update_fields does not support non-concrete fields.
            if concrete_field_names.issuperset(update_fields):
                # Add fields which are set on pre_save(), e.g. auto_now fields.
                # This is to maintain backward compatibility as these fields
                # are not updated unless explicitly specified in the
                # update_fields list.
                for field in self.model._meta.local_concrete_fields:
                    if not (
                        field.primary_key or field.__class__.pre_save is Field.pre_save
                    ):
                        update_fields.add(field.name)
                        if field.name != field.attname:
                            update_fields.add(field.attname)
                obj.save(using=self.db, update_fields=update_fields)
            else:
                obj.save(using=self.db)
        return obj, False

def using(self, *args, **kwargs)

Select which database this QuerySet should execute against.

    def using(self, alias):
        """Select which database this QuerySet should execute against."""
        clone = self._chain()
        clone._db = alias
        return clone

def values(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def values(self, *fields, **expressions):
        fields += tuple(expressions)
        clone = self._values(*fields, **expressions)
        clone._iterable_class = ValuesIterable
        return clone

def values_list(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def values_list(self, *fields, flat=False, named=False):
        if flat and named:
            raise TypeError("'flat' and 'named' can't be used together.")
        if flat and len(fields) > 1:
            raise TypeError(
                "'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with more than one "
                "field."
            )

        field_names = {f for f in fields if not hasattr(f, "resolve_expression")}
        _fields = []
        expressions = {}
        counter = 1
        for field in fields:
            if hasattr(field, "resolve_expression"):
                field_id_prefix = getattr(
                    field, "default_alias", field.__class__.__name__.lower()
                )
                while True:
                    field_id = field_id_prefix + str(counter)
                    counter += 1
                    if field_id not in field_names:
                        break
                expressions[field_id] = field
                _fields.append(field_id)
            else:
                _fields.append(field)

        clone = self._values(*_fields, **expressions)
        clone._iterable_class = (
            NamedValuesListIterable
            if named
            else FlatValuesListIterable if flat else ValuesListIterable
        )
        return clone